Figure 4

p38 MAPK activation and inhibition affects S. mansoni miracidia swim velocity. Freshly-hatched swimming miracidia were collected and incubated with (A) SB 203580 (1 μM) or (B) anisomycin (20 μM) in spring water, or spring water alone, and the effects on miracidia swim behaviour over 60 min captured by digital video microscopy. Calculation of swim velocities (mm/s) for 30 miracidia for each treatment and each time point was achieved using ImageJ and mean swim speeds (± SEM) were calculated. *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, and ***P ≤ 0.001.